INVESTIGASI KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PASIEN CANCER PAYUDARA PRE DAN POST KEMOTERAPI

Angela Dwi Pitri; Florensius Andri; Dwi Kurniasih; Della Putria Sari

doi:10.54630/jk2.v15i2.378

Angela Dwi Pitri Program Studi Keperawatan, Universitas Katolik Santo Agustinus Hippo, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat
Florensius Andri Program Studi Keperawatan, Universitas Katolik Santo Agustinus Hippo, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat
Dwi Kurniasih Program Studi Keperawatan, Universitas Katolik Santo Agustinus Hippo, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat
Della Putria Sari Program Studi Keperawatan, Universitas Katolik Santo Agustinus Hippo, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54630/jk2.v15i2.378

Keywords: anemia, breast cancer, chemotherapy

Abstract

Anemia refers to a decrease in serum hemoglobin concentration to pathological levels where hemoglobin level in women is <12 g/dl and in men <14 g/dl. More than 40% of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy are subjected to anemia. As chemotherapy drugs are unable to distinguish between normal and neoplastic cells, their destructive nature results in a reduced number of red blood cells through the hemolysis process. The principles of chemotherapy are required to maintain a number of normal cells to avoid unintended side effects. This study aimed to investigate the hemoglobin levels before and after chemotherapy. The method of this study was qualitative, using a case study approach. The study sample consisted of three individuals, and the hemoglobin levels were assessed using the EasyTouch hemoglobinometer. The data were processed using Colaizzi’s analysis method: reading, meaning formulation, and theming. The results of this study were presented in three themes: (1) anemia occurred due to oxidative stress, (2) a decrease in the number of red blood cells caused by lysis; and (3) PRC transfusion as a way to overcome anemia. It can be concluded that a decrease in the number of red blood cells is inevitable. Therefore, patients are advised to get sufficient rest, increase their intake of nutritious food, and consume iron vitamins.

References

L. Pourali, A. Taghizadeh, M. R. Akhoundi, F. Varshoei, A. Zarifian, and M. S. S. Andalibi, ‘Frequency of chemotherapy induced anemia in breast cancer patients’, Int. J. Cancer Manag., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2017, doi: 10.17795/ijcp-4672.

S. A. Wondm, S. B. Dagnew, K. Gubae, T. C. Tesfaye, and F. B. Tamene, ‘Determinants of anemia among patients receiving cancer chemotherapy in Northwest Ethiopia’, Front. Med., vol. 11, 2024, doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1415877.

P. Radziwon et al., ‘Anemia in cancer patients — Expert Group recommendations. Revision 2020’, Hematologia, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2020, doi: 10.5603/OCP.2020.0020.

E. Kifle, M. Hussein, J. Alemu, and W. Tigeneh, ‘Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors among Newly Diagnosed Patients with Solid Malignancy at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Adv. Hematol., vol. 2019, 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/8279789.

C. Madeddu et al., ‘Pathogenesis and treatment options of cancer related anemia: Perspective for a targeted mechanism-based approach’, Front. Physiol., vol. 9, no. SEP, pp. 1–20, 2018, doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01294.

I. A. Aya Sofia, Adi Rizka, ‘THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHEMOTHERAPY AND INCIDENCE OF ANEMIA IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AT CUT MEUTIA GENERAL HOSPITAL, NORTH ACEH’, Proc. MECOHEDMED, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.29103/micohedmed.v1i1.1.

A. Mustapha, A. Ismail, S. U. Abdullahi, O. N. Hassan, and P. I. Ugwunnaji, ‘Cancer Chemotherapy: A Review Update of the Mechanisms of Actions, Prospects, and Associated Problems’, BIOMED Nat. Appl. Sci., vol. 01, no. 01, pp. 01–19, 2021, doi: 10.53858/bnas01010119.

C. T. Beck, ‘Paul Colaizzi’s Descriptive Phenomenological Methodology’, Introd. to Phenomenol. Focus Methodol., pp. 19–30, 2023, doi: 10.4135/9781071909669.n8.

P. Kumar and T. D. Grace, ‘Colaizzi ’ S Analysis Method : Descriptive Phenomenological Research In Nursing’, Int. J. Curr. Res., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 24148–24150, 2023.

A. Febriani and Y. Rahmawati, ‘Efek Samping Hematologi Akibat Kemoterapi dan Tatalaksananya’, J. Univ. Airlangga, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 22, 2019, doi: 10.20473/jr.v5-i.1.2019.22-28.

F. F. Chiang, S. C. Huang, P. T. Yu, T. H. Chao, and Y. C. Huang, ‘Oxidative Stress Induced by Chemotherapy: Evaluation of Glutathione and Its Related Antioxidant Enzyme Dynamics in Patients with Colorectal Cancer’, Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 24, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi: 10.3390/nu15245104.

M. Younis, M. Iqbal, N. Shoukat, B. Nawaz, F. Hamid Wattoo, and K. Ali Shahzad, ‘Effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy on red blood cells and haemoglobin in cancer patients’, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 15–18, 2014.

A. K. Koutras and H. P. Kalofonos, ‘Myelotoxicity in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy: Negative or positive prognostic factor?’, Clin. Cancer Res., vol. 14, no. 22, p. 7579, 2008, doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1519.

J. Granfortuna, K. Shoffner, S. E. DePasquale, S. Badre, C. Bohac, and C. De Oliveira Brandao, ‘Transfusion practice patterns in patients with anemia receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy for nonmyeloid cancer: results from a prospective observational study’, Support. Care Cancer, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2031–2038, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00520-017-4035-7.

S. E. Kurtin, RN, MS, AOCN®, ANP-C, ‘Myeloid Toxicity of Cancer Treatment’, J. Adv. Pract. Oncol., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 209–224, 2012, doi: 10.6004/jadpro.2012.3.4.2.